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Chipsets The chipset usually contains the processor bus interface, memory controllers, I/O controllers and more. All the circuits of the motherboard are contained within the chipset. When IBM created the first PC motherboards, it used several separate chips to complete the design. Besides the processor and optional math coprocessor, many other components were required to complete the system. These other components included items such as the clock generator, bus controller, system timer, interrupt and DMA controllers, CMOS RAM and clock and keyboard controller. In 1986, a company called chips and technologies introduced a component called the 82C206- the main part of the first PC motherboard chipset. This chip included the functions of the clock generator, Bus controller, System Timer, Interrupt controllers and DMA controller. Four other chips with 82C206 act as buffers and memory controllers, thus completing virtually the entire motherboard circuit with five total chips. This f...

Low insertion force   ( LIF ) Low insertion force   ( LIF ) is a technology used in   integrated circuit   sockets that are designed so the force required to insert or remove a package is low. Initially, the LIF connectors were designed as a cheaper alternative compared to   zero insertion force   (ZIF) connectors, to facilitate programming and testing of equipment. Compared with standard IC sockets, they have a lower friction force between the contacts of the device and the socket, making insertion and removal of the device easier, while at the same time eliminating the need for the complex mechanism that is used in ZIF sockets. The disadvantages of LIF connectors are that the grip force between the contacts is lower, and the contacts can oxidize faster and decrease the lifespan of the connector. With the advent of frequent changes in PC processors, a need arose for these systems. Intel introduced the LIF socket system, in which the processor is ...

Computer An automatic electronic machine used for making calculations for controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms. Ancestor of computer §   Mechanical §   Electromechanical Mechanical computer An example of mechanical computer is PASCALINE. This is also known as arithmetic machine.  It was described in 1624. Charles Babbage discovered two types of mechanical computer. The first one is difference engine and the second one is analytical engine. The first programmer in analytical engine was Lady Ada Lovelace. The first electromechanical computer is the Mark-1. Generation of computer Computers can be classified based on the technology used, switching device used, storage device used, switching time used and software developed etc. This can be considered as generation of computers. First Generation In first generation of computers vacuum tubes are used as active devices. Vacuum tubes generate great heat. So the operat...

Unions in C Language Unions are conceptually similar to structures . The syntax of union is also similar to that of structure. The only differences is in terms of storage. In structure each member has its own storage location, whereas all members of union uses a single shared memory location which is equal to the size of its largest data member. This implies that although a union may contain many members of different types, it cannot handle all the members at same time . A union is declared using union keyword. union item {  int m;  float x;  char c; }It1; This declares a variable It1 of type union item . This union contains three members each with a different data type. However only one of them can be used at a time. This is due to the fact that only one location is allocated for a union variable, irrespective of its size. The compiler allocates the storage that is large enough to hold largest variable type in the union . In the union ...